sniping in Nam, and QUITE a few of his hits were NOT at great ranges, either.
MISSES are commonplace with sniping, and so are POOR hits. When the target MUST be immobilized instantly, as in hostage-holders, and SWAT snipers, they get inside 100m,and TRY for 25m, because they MUST hit the "lizard brain", in order to be SURE of instantly immobilizing the man. That target is about a 2" diameter circle, and can call for penetration all the way from the front of the face, fighting thru a lot of bone, which can deflect a bullet quite a bit. SWAT snipers also often have to shoot thru glass in order to score a hit, and glass both deflects all bullets, (sometimes a lot, depending upon the angle of the shot to the glass, and the type of glass) and the glass ALSO refracts light, causes glare, etc, which can easily mean that the image that you see is NOT where the target actually IS. Furthermore, hostage holders MOVE a lot, and are often AWARE that they are likely to be in the crosshairs of a Swat sniper. add up all these likely problems, and you's want the sniper to be a mere 25m away, too, in bipod, if someone dear to you was the hostage.